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Collins has also been examining the radiative effects of aerosols, primarily focused on the effects of dust. He collaborated with members of CGD’s Terrestrial Sciences Section (TSS) on studies examining how dust has affected the Sahelian drought (Yoshioka, 2005) and how it has affected and might affect the planetary energy budget during the last-glacial maximum, the pre-industrial period, and future warmer climate regimes (Mahowald, 2005). Rasch has also been focused on exploring improvements to Aerosol formulations, including an improved understanding of the atmospheric transformation of anthropogenic aerosol (in collaboration with Tami Bond and Gazala Habib), exploring formulations for the representations of natural and anthropogenic aerosol (in collaboration with Natalie Mahowald and Jean-Francois Lamarque), the role of black carbon emissions from forest fires and convection in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (with M. Fromm NRL), and improving the understanding of the climate forcing and response to black carbon by examining aerosol deposition on snow and ice (in collaboration with Charlie Zender, Mark Flanner, and Jim Randerson, UC-Irvine).