CSM Forcing Series for NCAR-CSM 1.4 Millennium Experiments

SOURCE: Ammann C.M., F. Joos, D.S. Schimel, B.L. Otto-Bliesner, and R.A. Tomas: Solar influence on climate during the past millennium: Results from transient simulations with the NCAR Climate System Model. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci, 104, 3713-3718, doi:10.1073/pnas.0605064103, 2007.

Volcanic Forcing

Global Volcanic Forcing

Solar Forcing

Total solar irradiance. Source: Please see Bard et al. (2000): Tellus.
Bard Solar Forcing scaled to 0.1% change Maunder Minimum to Present"
Bard Solar Forcing scaled to 0.25% change Maunder Minimum to Present"
Bard Solar Forcing scaled to 0.65% change Maunder Minimum to Present"

Greenhouse Gas Histories

Carbon-Dioxide (CO2) Series
Methane (CH4) Series
Nitrous-Oxide (N2O) Series

Sulfate Aerosols

The Sulfate aerosol is prescribed in two components:

natural sulfate annual cycle with 12 monthly 3D fields, used throughout AD 850-1999

anthropogenic sulfate based on emission history (Oem et al., 1996) and simulated in its 3-D evolution with a GCM for the period AD 1870-1999 (see: Rasch et al., 2000)

Not included: landuse changes, transient Milankovich forcing (see Bertrand et al.)

Caspar Ammann

Last modified: Tue Feb 21 17:00:43 MST 2006